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How far north did their range extend?

There were lions in Europe.

There were prehistoric lion species in north/central Europe during the ice age, as far north as the UK.

Scandinavia was largely covered in glaciers at the time so I don’t think their range extended that far north.

First off, it's not strictly defined what "co-dependence" even is, which is probably part of why you're having trouble getting a clear handle on it.

>Codependency has no established definition or diagnostic criteria within the mental health community.[14][15] It has not been included as a condition in any edition of the DSM or ICD.
>
>-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependency#Definition

The reason it's considered "unhealthy" is (in it's most-commonly-understood meaning) because it tends to mean that one partner (romantic or not) is heavily dependent on the other for their emotional or practical needs, while the supporting partner exhibits excessive suppression of their own needs and emotions, and excessive self-sacrifice in service of the dependent partner's needs.

Was there ever a tiger-like large cat in Northern Europe? (Not limited to Scandinavia)

They evolved in Asia and would need to cross terrain that isn't good for tigers to hunt in.

USA: 51st in life expectancy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy

(Wikipedia has all the sources for the data at the bottom of the page)

​

Per capita healthcare spending by country from 2021:

https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-spending-u-s-compare-countries/#GDP%20per%20capita%20and%20health%20consumption%20spending%20per%20capita,%202021%20(U.S.%20dollars,%20PPP%20adjusted)

I think it's a confused version of the joke: "What's the difference between a chickpea and a garbanzo bean?"

The Siberian tiger lives almost exactly half way around the world from Scandinavia. It lives on the eastern coast of Siberia while Scandinavia is to the west of Russia. There were other tigers living closer, the Caspian tiger. But this have recently gone extinct due to the vast amount of forests that was converted to farmland in the 19th and 20th century.

Tigers generally prefer large sparse forests and have adopted to these conditions. Scandinavia have a lot of dense forests and mountains which is not the type of area the tiger prefers. So if tigers did at some point push more into Scandinavia, for example from Ukraine, then they would have been out performed by wolves and bears who are much better in those kinds of conditions.

Why?

Nope tigers were never present in either Europe or Africa.

I used "Most" instead of "All" mainly for technicality.

TL;DR Rock-Solid encryptions exist, but that doesn't guarantee everyone is using them or using them correctly.

Firstly, just because there's options for solid encryption algorithms doesn't mean they're universally used. For example, the chat app that Bob down the street wrote could be using a very weak Caesar Shift encryption rather than something strong like AES or RSA.

Secondly, some encryptions are only as strong as their choice of key. For example, RSA uses prime numbers to generate keys in a way that's very not ELI5. Basically, 3 primes get used to generate an "encrypt" number, and a "decrypt" number.

If you follow guidelines, the secret "Decrypt" number is practically impossible to guess or calculate. However, if you choose irresponsibly bad starting numbers then a hacker can look at your public Encrypt number and go "hey, that looks like they might have..." and workshop the secret from there.

Because foreign aid doesn't build resilience, it builds in a dependence. And the primary purpose of goods based aid is to stabilize the prices of certain goods by destroying surplus. Foreign aid just looks better than piling it up and dumping kerosene on it.

It's important to understand that every field, which we can call farming capacity, will on average produce a similar amount as any similar field. However, this realized production varies year to year, and in a given region this variation tends to trend the same direction. It's also not entirely predictable. Bad weather, new pests, etc. can cause low production.

It's also important to understand that this is a marketed set of goods. Everyone wants grain, especially people who can turn 1.5 tons of grain (price 450$/metric ton) into 1 ton of chicken (price 1500 per ton). Chicken producers(general corporations, not small farmers) remain grossly profitable even at high grain prices. People in a developing economy struggle to afford market rate grain in good years.

Dumping a pile of random stuff on people kills the local market for that stuff. To a non industrialized economy, being used as the dumping ground for grain surpluses and clothing surpluses kills two pillars of the local economy, farming and fashion. So when short years come you don't have the farming capacity to cover the sudden shortfall or the economy to outbid richer nations with a production shortfall. You don't have the local economy to properly signal demand, because no one has anything to exchange of any value or rarity.

It doesn't help that most of them are export driven national economies that have had large losses of arable land to climate change, destruction from mining and drilling, or usage for cash crops. Those cash industries feed the nations in fat years, but in short years they can't afford it.

And even with local production, it's a market good. Without a local government that wants to trap local production of grain it will be brought to market, bought, and shipped to the highest bidder. If the chicken corporations can still get a good price for chicken they can still outbid the locals on grain. It's sadly often in the best interests of everyone in control of African nations farming to export all produced goods, even in time's of famine, to enrich themselves with foreign exchange.

The purpose of food aid has always been to stabilize grain prices without destroying capacity, so in short years the capacity fills the host nations needs. Africa is simply being used as a spring, crushed when times are rough so no one else feels the bumps as bad.

I strongly agree that Congress should be in the muck with the rest of us, and their pensions and healthcare should be based on what the upper 50% of government workers get, so they have to lift up at least a huge chunk of people to elevate themselves.

The government has created the EPA, which helps the average American pretty often. The CFPB fights for citizens against banks every day. FEMA responds to disasters and does a pretty decent job of improving people's lives in hard situations. NOAA is so good at weather forecasting that private companies want to block it from publishing the data that they give away freely so those companies can publish it. California is guaranteeing school kids will have food. There is a lot of good government does. They're currently taking care of everybody over 65 years old for medical care, so extending that down to 55 or 45 would be a good test pattern, but in the end, insurance companies need to go away because they are what inflates the numbers, and we need to buy our drugs from countries who don't allow shameless profiting on drugs like the USA does.

Were there tigers in Scandinavia in historical times? It was still pretty empty in Roman times for instance.

I meant by yourself no one would be judging you if you’re alone doing it.

> and they ARE working on legislation to enact a total ban.

Walk yourself through it. C'mon, what comes after that...

Got it yet?

Need some help?

Here it is:

...because they can't accomplish it with current anti-espionage laws.

Because federal law enforcement agencies can't find anything the app does that's against the law.

Siberia is huge and largely empty of humans, giving plenty of space for tigers to hunt and their thick coats help them resist the cold.

Not true at all. The government doesn't always telegraph what it knows or how it knows it...and they ARE working on legislation to enact a total ban.

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The more you know. Now wait either 4 years or 4 minutes for the only moment it will be a relevant trivia fact you can share

Foreign aid is a mixed bag when it comes to endemic corruption. I'm not picking on African countries, there are nations with this problem all over the world. That money gets heavily raided before being turned into food. Foreign Aid isn't really intended as a gift or charity, in theory it's an investment.

Ah, I didn't realize that, thank you

Which is also the reason why atmospheres of almost pure fuel, such as methane, don't combust - there's no oxygen there. Without oxygen, all our energetic fuels, such as gas, oil, wood and coal, would be completely useless.