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It's a variation on the Christian God's name. Basically God's witness.

In Christianity, A witness is a person totally given to God and his fellow men.

The voltage of a battery cell is determined by its chemical makeup. The common alkaline batteries use Zinc and Manganese which react to produce a certain “concentration of free electrons” (aka voltage). The reaction is at equilibrium when no current is being drawn (moving those electrons out). When the battery is connected to a device, those electrons are drawn out of one end and pushed into the other, which changes the equilibrium of the reaction. The zinc and manganese react to replenish the electrons and reestablish equilibrium until all of the reactants are used up. At that point, the reaction can no longer produce electrons and the battery is dead. Using different reactants will change the equilibrium “concentration” (voltage) of electrons. Since each cell can only produce a certain electron pressure/concentration/voltage according to its chemistry, the way to get higher voltages is to stack them on top of one another.

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I just want to know how the brain is so capable of sorting the languages into different "angles" as you put them. That you can never get confused between the two languages, not a single word out of place. I can be pretty scatterbrained sometimes and get confused with things and I forget a LOT of stuff. But if I hear a word in another language I know, I never confuse it for English. Heck sometimes I can even hear a word from another language I don't know but somehow it still FEELS like a word from that language.

Thunder is the sound created when warm and cold air collides in a spectacular fashion. Lightning is a discharge of the static energy present when those air masses collide.

That’s what my momma taught me, anyway. Sounds reasonable.

The earth is like - and a buncha particles in the sky rub together and become + and then the difference causes 😡 which is loud

When you see a black cat walk by, the same black cat, it means they changed something.

They do. Lithium (Li-MnO2) batteries output 3V.

Lithium ion batteries output around 3.7 to 4.2V.

Alkaline batteries output around 1.5V.

NiCd batteries output around 1.2V.

Different types of batteries create different amounts of electrical “pressure” as u/ToxiClay put it.

That would require sticking two batteries together in a permanent sort of way, which would be varying shades of difficult. It would also wreck the current standard paradigm, which is designed around 1.5V battery chemistry. Even a "9V battery" is actually made of six 1.5V cells together, and a 6V lantern battery is made of four.

To get a single-cell battery to spit out 3V, we'd need to find new battery chemistry -- new substances that would spit out 3V.

I think it’s two factors. First, they weren’t as prevalent as we think they were in the past, we just lump a half century’s worth of serial killer history into “recent past” and it feels like they were everywhere. Second I think it’s a lot harder to get away with now. The combination of better inter-agency communication in law enforcement, digitized fingerprint and dna databases and cameras everywhere mean that they get caught before they go on decade long multi-state killing spree.

Why not just make a battery that spits out 3V?

And, technically, the "Siberian" Tiger is actually called the Amur Tiger.

Still have Cougars . . . and not just in Toronto dance Clubs.

The voltage put out by a battery is determined largely by the materials used. While you can increase the available current by making it bigger (or ganging up a bunch of smaller ones in parallel), the voltage is somewhat fixed.

The standard batteries used for many years had a natural voltage of about 1.5V. But for the transistors of the time, that voltage was not optimal.

There's a hack for that. If you "stack" two batteries in series, then their voltages add up. Two 1.5V batteries will output 3V. If you stack four of them you get 6V. Which was pretty useful when the "standard" for many transistors and integrated circuits was 5V.

A lot of things have changed since those days, of course. Different battery materials are in widespread use, and integrated circuit technology has changed such that 5V is not only undesirable, it's not acceptable.

As transistors were made smaller and smaller ("shrunk"), it became necessary to reduce their supply voltages. This has gone through many phases, from 5V -> 3.6V -> 3V etc. etc. A lot of integrated circuits now are very happy to run on 1V or so. If a gizmo uses only such ICs, it can use a single battery.

But there are at least a couple of reasons to use higher voltages. One is that there are still some old technology devices around that run on a 3V standard, or use signaling busses between them that use a >1V standard. There are also some components, such as certain displays, that work on higher voltages.

It is possible to boost voltages, but a better strategy is often to use a power source that provides the highest voltage needed. For the lower voltage devices, it's relatively easy/cheap to drop the voltage down.

So you use two batteries in series and that provides a nominal voltage of 3V (actually less pretty quickly). For things that don't need that, you reduce the voltage.

Amur Tigers (the largest species) survive just fine in Kamchatka, despite it's sometimes mountainous terrain. While they do prefer less hilly terrain, they manage just fine within it. The lack of human population is more important for their survival, hence why they have been pushed out of northern China.

Your typical alkaline battery, whether it's AA or C or D, has a nominal voltage of 1.5V -- that is, it can exert 1.5 "units" of "electrical pressure" on a circuit it's installed into.

That's not a super useful amount of voltage, but 3V is -- and by placing two batteries in series, you end up at 3V because you add the voltages together.

I’ve also always wondered why the quality is still so bad.

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So other people have talked about the fact that it's just..expensive. But I want to focus on this statement here.

>Seems like Solar could play a significant role here...

I assume you mean solar power, right? That isn't exactly a solution even if we sidestep all the other issues like building the infrastructure that would be needed.

That solar power used for desalinating water would just be solar power we can't use for something else. Even in a world that is 100% renewable* there's a discussion that needs to be had about where the limited amount of power we have should go and with desalination, you are talking about something that was virtually free for the majority of human history and turning it into something that...isn't.

It's tantamount to saying "I bet spending money on it is the solution" I mean...yeah, but now that money can't be spent somewhere else.

*I mention this specifically because anytime you hear about a new thing that uses 100% renewable energy is still worse than replacing something that didn't use renewables. So like building a new water desalination plant that's 100% solar-powered is a lot worse for the environment than using all that solar power to shut down a few coal plants and not need the desalination plant in the first place.

In addition to what other people have posted, you could also get deja vu simply because you have in fact done something like what you are currently doing before, even if you don't remember precisely when. I mean, if you walk down a street and see a church, and get a feeling of deja vu, well, you almost certainly have walked down streets and seen churches before. The brain makes the connection but fails to pull up a specific example, so you get that feeling.

Outside of some tricks with language ("this statement is a lie"), you can't have actual paradoxes. By definition, a real paradox is impossible. However, you can get things that seem paradoxical. Normally, these situations involve reasoning that seems good, based on common assumptions, that leads to a result that contradicts what we know to be true.

So, we know that a racer can overtake another racer that has a headstart on him. Zeno's reasoning seems solid, but indicates that overtaking should be impossible. The common assumption that turns out to be wrong is the idea that space is infinitely divisible. We're in a simulation, and you can't have half-a-pixel, so you have to always move across the screen in discrete units.